原文出處：?Tecmit???譯文出處：?oschina。歡迎加入技術翻譯小組。
在第一部分文章中我們討論了那些都只是切換到 Linux 和linux新手所需的必要知識的用戶的命令。
vim常用命令總結？對 Linux 新手非常有用的 20 個命令
第二篇文章中我們討論了中級用戶管理自己的系統所需要的命令。
對中級 Linux 用戶非常有用的 20 個命令
vim命令詳解，接下來呢？在這篇文章中我將解釋管理Linux 服務器所需的一些命令。
41. 命令: ifconfig
ifconfig用來配置常駐內核的網絡接口信息。在系統啟動必要時用來設置網絡適配器的信息。之后，它通常是只需要在調試時或當系統需要調整時使用。
檢查活動網絡適配器
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfigeth0????? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E? ??????????inet addr:192.168.1.3? Bcast:192.168.1.255? Mask:255.255.255.0 ??????????inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link ??????????UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1 ??????????RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 ??????????TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 ??????????RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)? TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) ??????????Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo??????? Link encap:Local Loopback? ??????????inet addr:127.0.0.1? Mask:255.0.0.0 ??????????inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host ??????????UP LOOPBACK RUNNING? MTU:16436? Metric:1 ??????????RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 ??????????TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 ??????????RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)? TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) |
檢查所有的網絡適配器
“-a”參數用來顯示所有網絡適配器(網卡)的詳細信息,包括那些停用的適配器。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig -aeth0????? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E? ??????????inet addr:192.168.1.3? Bcast:192.168.1.255? Mask:255.255.255.0 ??????????inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link ??????????UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1 ??????????RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 ??????????TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 ??????????RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)? TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) ??????????Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo??????? Link encap:Local Loopback? ??????????inet addr:127.0.0.1? Mask:255.0.0.0 ??????????inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host ??????????UP LOOPBACK RUNNING? MTU:16436? Metric:1 ??????????RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 ??????????TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 ??????????RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)? TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) virbr0??? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03? ??????????inet addr:192.168.122.1? Bcast:192.168.122.255? Mask:255.255.255.0??????????UP BROADCAST MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1??????????RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0??????????TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 ??????????RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)? TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) |
停用網絡適配器
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down |
啟用網絡適配器
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up |
指定IP地址到網絡適配器
100個必會的shell腳本，為網絡適配器eth0設定IP地址“192.168.1.12”.
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 |
更改網絡適配器eth0的子網掩碼
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255. |
更改網絡適配器eth0的廣播地址
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 |
為網絡適配器eth0指定IP地址,子網掩碼，廣播地址
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 |
注Note:如果你設置一塊無線網卡的信息,你可以使用的命令是“iwconfig”.欲知更多ifconfig命令的例子和使用方法，讀“15個有用的ifconfig 命令”.
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42. 命令: netstat
netstat命令顯示各種網絡相關的信息，如網絡連接,路由表,接口統計,偽裝連接,組播成員身份等….
列出所有的網絡端口
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -aActive UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)Proto RefCnt Flags?????? Type?????? State???????? I-Node?? Pathunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741379?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpgunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 8965???? /var/run/acpid.socketunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 18584??? /tmp/.X11-unix/X0unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741385?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/sshunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741387?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 20242??? @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 13332??? /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipeunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 13331??? /tmp/.winbindd/pipeunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 11030??? /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sockunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 19308??? /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 436781?? /tmp/HotShotsunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 46110??? /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/nativeunix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 19310??? /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent.... |
顯示所有tcp相關端口
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -atActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address?????????? Foreign Address???????? State????? tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:mysql???????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5901????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5902????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:x11-1???????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:x11-2???????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5938????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:5940????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:ipp?????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN???? tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHEDtcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT? tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHEDtcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHEDtcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED... |
顯示所有連接的統計信息
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -sIp:????4994239 total packets received????0 forwarded????0 incoming packets discarded????4165741 incoming packets delivered????3248924 requests sent out????8 outgoing packets droppedIcmp:????29460 ICMP messages received????566 input ICMP message failed.????ICMP input histogram:????????destination unreachable: 98????????redirects: 29362????2918 ICMP messages sent????0 ICMP messages failed????ICMP output histogram:????????destination unreachable: 2918IcmpMsg:????????InType3: 98????????InType5: 29362????????OutType3: 2918Tcp:????94533 active connections openings????23 passive connection openings????5870 failed connection attempts????7194 connection resets received.... |
好的！由于某些原因如果你不想解析netstat 輸出的主機、端口和用戶名稱的話 。
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -an |
好，你可能需要獲取的 netstat 持續輸出的動態信息，通過傳遞中斷輸出指令 (ctrl + c)來停止。
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -c |
更多關于“netstat”的例子和使用方法，瀏覽文章“20個netstat 的使用案例”。
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43. 命令： nslookup
網絡實用程序，用于獲得互聯網服務器的信息。顧名思義，該實用程序將發現通過查詢 DNS 域的名稱服務器信息。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup tecmint.com Server:???? 192.168.1.1 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name:?? tecmint.com Address: 50.16.67.239 |
查詢郵件交換器記錄
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -query=mx tecmint.com Server:???? 192.168.1.1 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from: |
查詢域名服務器
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=ns tecmint.com Server:???? 192.168.1.1 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from: |
查詢DNS記錄
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=any tecmint.com Server:???? 192.168.1.1 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. tecmint.com nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from: |
查詢起始授權機構
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=soa tecmint.com Server:???? 192.168.1.1 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com ????origin = ns3403.hostgator.com ????mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com ????serial = 2012081102 ????refresh = 86400 ????retry = 7200 ????expire = 3600000 ????minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from: |
查詢端口號
更改使用你想要連接的端口號
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -port 56 tecmint.comServer:???? tecmint.comAddress:??? 50.16.76.239#53Name:?? 56Address: 14.13.253.12 |
44.?命令:?dig
dig是查詢DNS 域名服務器的工具，可以查詢的主機地址、 郵件交流、 域名服務器相關的信息。在任何 Linux (Unix) 或 Macintosh OS X 操作系統上，都可以使用該工具。dig的最典型的用法是單個主機的查詢。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER< |
關閉注釋行
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nocomments ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;tecmint.com.?????????? IN? A tecmint.com.??????? 14400?? IN? A?? 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE? rcvd: 45 |
關閉認證塊
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noauthority ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER< |
關閉 其他 塊
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig? tecmint.com +noadditional ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> tecmint.com +noadditional;; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER< |
關閉 統計塊
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nostats ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER< |
關閉回復塊
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noanswer ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER< |
關閉所有塊
| 1 2 3 4 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noall ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noall ;; global options: +cmd |
10 個LinuxDig 命令實例
45.命令: uptime
你連接到你的Linux 服務器時發現一些不尋常或惡意的東西，你會做什么？猜測……不，絕不！你可以運行uptime來驗證當服務器無人值守式到底發生了什么事情。
| 1 2 3 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ uptime14:37:10 up? 4:21,? 2 users,? load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04 |
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46. 命令: wall
對系統管理員來說一個最重要的命令.wall發送一條消息到大家登錄端將其mesg權限設置為”yes”。這條信息可以被wall作為參數，或者可以將它作為wall的標準輸入。
| 1 2 3 4 5 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm |
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47. 命令: mesg
其他人們可以使用”wtrite”命令,將在在向您發送文本到屏幕上。你可以控制是否顯示。
| 1 | mesg [<strong>n</strong>|<strong>y</strong>] <strong>n</strong> - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. <strong>y</strong> – Allows messages to appear on your screen. |
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48. 命令: write
如果 ‘mesg’ 是 ‘y’，讓你的文本直接發送到另一臺 Linux 機器的屏幕。.
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ write ravisaive |
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49. 命令: talk
增強的write命令，talk命令可讓你與其他登錄的用戶交談。
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ talk ravisaive |
注釋: 如果talk命令沒安裝的話,可以通過apt或yum 安裝所需的包.
| 1 2 3 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install talkOR[avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install talk |
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50. 命令：w
是否覺得命令’w'很滑稽？但是事實上不是的。它是一個命令，盡管只有一個字符長！命令”w“是uptime和who命令，以前后的順序組合在一起。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ w15:05:42 up? 4:49,? 3 users,? load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER???? TTY????? FROM????????????? LOGIN@?? IDLE?? JCPU?? PCPU WHAT server?? tty7???? :0?????????????? 14:06??? 4:43m? 1:42?? 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server?? pts/0??? :0.0???????????? 14:18??? 0.00s? 0.23s? 1.65s gnome-terminal server?? pts/1??? :0.0???????????? 14:47??? 4:43?? 0.01s? 0.01s bash |
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51. 命令: rename
見名知意，這個命令重命名文件。rename將會通過從文件名的首字符開始替換，重命名為指定的文件名。
| 1 | Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213 |
僅僅寫這些命令：[@Lesus 注： 在Ubuntu上不支持這種格式， rename與mv不同的是，rename可以批量修改，如同帶了while的mv操作。]
| 1 2 | rename a1 a0 arename a1 a0 a |
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52. 命令: top
顯示CPU進程信息。這個命令自動刷新，默認是持續顯示CPU進程信息，除非使用了中斷指令。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ toptop - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,? 2 users,? load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21Tasks: 240 total,?? 1 running, 235 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 4 zombie%Cpu(s):? 2.0 us,? 0.5 sy,? 0.0 ni, 97.5 id,? 0.0 wa,? 0.0 hi,? 0.0 si,? 0.0 stKiB Mem:?? 2028240 total,? 1777848 used,?? 250392 free,??? 81804 buffersKiB Swap:? 3905532 total,?? 156748 used,? 3748784 free,?? 381456 cached??PID USER????? PR? NI? VIRT? RES? SHR S? %CPU %MEM??? TIME+ COMMAND??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 23768 ravisaiv? 20?? 0 1428m 571m? 41m S?? 2.3 28.9? 14:27.52 firefox??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 24182 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 511m 132m? 25m S?? 1.7? 6.7?? 2:45.94 plugin-containe??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 26929 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 5344 1432? 972 R?? 0.7? 0.1?? 0:00.07 top???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????24875 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 263m? 14m? 10m S?? 0.3? 0.7?? 0:02.76 lxterminal???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????1 root????? 20?? 0? 3896 1928 1228 S?? 0.0? 0.1?? 0:01.62 init?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????2 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.06 kthreadd?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????3 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????7 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????8 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.12 migration/0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 rcu_bh???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???10 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:26.94 rcu_sched????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???11 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:01.95 watchdog/0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????12 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:02.00 watchdog/1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????13 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????14 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.12 migration/1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????16 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???17 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 cpuset???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???18 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 khelper??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???19 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???20 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 netns????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???21 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.04 bdi-default??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???22 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kintegrityd??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???23 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kblockd??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???24 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 ata_sff |
另查看12 TOP命令例子·[@Lesus 注：htop比top命令更好用，不過需要自己安裝
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53. 命令: mkfs.ext4
這個命令在指定的設備上創建一個新的ext4文件系統，如果這個命令后面跟的是個錯誤的設備，那么整個設備就會被擦除和格式化，所以建議不要運行這個命令，除非你清楚自己正在干什么。
| 1 2 | Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted) |
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54. vi/emac/nano 命令
vi(visual),emac,nano是 linux 中最常用的一些編輯器。它們經常用于編輯文本，配置,… 等文件. A quick guide to work around vi and nano is, emac is a.
vi 編輯器：
| 1 2 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ touch a.txt (創建一個名為a.txt的文本文件) [avishek@tecmint ~]$ vi a.txt (用vi打開a.txt) |
[按下‘i’鍵進入插入模式, 否則你不能輸入任何內容]
| 1 | echo "Hello"? (這里的文本會存到文件中) |
- alt+x(退出插入模式, 記得在最后的字符間留有一些空格.
- ctrl+x命令或你上一個單詞將被刪除).
- :wq!(以當前的文本保存文件, 記住‘!’ 是覆蓋的意思).
nano 編輯器：
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nano a.txt (用nano打開 a.txt) |
| 1 | edit, with the content, required |
ctrl +x (關閉編輯器).它會顯示如下的提示輸出信息:
| 1 2 3 | Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES)???????????????????? ?Y Yes ?N No?????????? ^C Cancel |
點擊‘y’ 選擇 yes 并輸入文件名,就完成編輯了.
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55. 命令: rsync
Rsync復制文件，參數-P開啟進度條。如果你已經安裝了rsync，你可以使用一個簡單的別名。
| 1 | alias cp='rsync -aP' |
現在嘗試在終端復制一個大文件，這樣將會看到顯示剩余部分的輸出，與進度條類似。
而且，保持和維護備份是系統管理員不得不做的最重要、最無聊的工作之一。Rsync是一個用于新建和維護備份的非常好用的終端工具（也存在許多其它工具）。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/sending incremental file list IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg sent 2883830 bytes? received 31 bytes? 5767722.00 bytes/sectotal size is 2882771? speedup is 1.00 |
注意:-z表示壓縮， -v表示詳細信息，-r表示遞歸。
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56. 命令: free
跟蹤內存的使用和資源一樣重要，就像管理員執行的任何其它任務，可以使用 'free' 命令來在這里救援.
當前內存使用狀態Current Usage Status of Memory
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:?????? 2028240??? 1788272???? 239968????????? 0????? 69468???? 363716-/+ buffers/cache:??? 1355088???? 673152Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456 |
設置輸出單位為KB，MB或GB
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -b?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:??? 2076917760 1838272512? 238645248????????? 0?? 71348224? 372670464-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824? 682663936Swap:?? 3999264768? 160845824 3838418944 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -k?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:?????? 2028240??? 1801484???? 226756????????? 0????? 69948???? 363704-/+ buffers/cache:??? 1367832???? 660408Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -m?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:????????? 1980?????? 1762??????? 218????????? 0???????? 68??????? 355-/+ buffers/cache:?????? 1338??????? 641Swap:???????? 3813??????? 153?????? 3660 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -g?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:???????????? 1????????? 1????????? 0????????? 0????????? 0????????? 0-/+ buffers/cache:????????? 1????????? 0Swap:??????????? 3????????? 0????????? 3 |
以可讀的格式顯示，檢查當前內存使用
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -h?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:????????? 1.9G?????? 1.7G?????? 208M???????? 0B??????? 68M?????? 355M-/+ buffers/cache:?????? 1.3G?????? 632MSwap:???????? 3.7G?????? 153M?????? 3.6G |
設定時間間隔后，持續檢查使用狀態
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -s 3?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:?????? 2028240??? 1824096???? 204144????????? 0????? 70708???? 364180-/+ buffers/cache:??? 1389208???? 639032Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456?????????????total?????? used?????? free???? shared??? buffers???? cachedMem:?????? 2028240??? 1824192???? 204048????????? 0????? 70716???? 364212-/+ buffers/cache:??? 1389264???? 638976Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456 |
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57. mysqldump 命令
好了，現在你從名字上就能明白這個命令所代表的作用。mysqldump命令會轉儲(備份)數據庫的全部或特定一部分數據到一個給定的文件中。例如：
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql |
注意：mysqldump需要 mysql 在運行中并且有正確的授權密碼。我們在用mysqldump命令備份數據庫中討論了一些有用的 “mysqldump” 命令用法。
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58. mkpasswd 命令
根據指定的長度，產生一個難猜的隨機密碼。
| 1 2 3 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10zI4+Ybqfx9 |
| 1 2 3 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install expect 或[avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install expect |
注意：-l 10產生一個10個字符的隨機密碼，而-l 20產生20個字符的密碼,它可以設置為任意長度來取得所希望的結果。這個命令很有用，經常在腳本語言里使用來產生隨機的密碼。你可能需要yum或apt‘expect’ 包來使用這個命令。
| 1 2 3 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install expect 或[avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install expect |
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59. paste 命令
合并兩個或多個文本文件，按行來進行合并。示例。如果 file1 的內容是：
| 1 2 3 | 1 2 3 |
file2 是這樣的:
| 1 2 3 4 | a b c d |
| 1 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ paste file1 file2 > file3 |
結果file3將是:
| 1 2 3 4 | 1??? a 2??? b 3??? c ?????d |
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60.lsof 命令
lsof 是"list open files("列表中打開的文件") 的縮寫，顯示您的系統當前已打開的所有文件。這是非常有用的對于想找出哪些進程使用某一特定文件，或顯示為單個進程打開所有文件。一些有用的10 個lsof 命令示例，你可能會感興趣閱讀。
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | [avishek@tecmint ~]$ lsofCOMMAND???? PID?? TID??????????? USER?? FD????? TYPE???? DEVICE SIZE/OFF?????? NODE NAMEinit????????? 1????????????????? root? cwd?????? DIR??????? 8,1???? 4096????????? 2 /init????????? 1????????????????? root? rtd?????? DIR??????? 8,1???? 4096????????? 2 /init????????? 1????????????????? root? txt?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 227432???? 395571 /sbin/initinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 47080???? 263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 42672???? 270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 87940???? 270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 30560???? 263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 124637???? 270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1? 1770984???? 266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 30696???? 262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 34392???? 262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 296792???? 262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 34168???? 262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 95616???? 262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 134376???? 270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.soinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 0u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/nullinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 1u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/nullinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 2u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/nullinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 3r???? FIFO??????? 0,8????? 0t0?????? 1714 pipeinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 4w???? FIFO??????? 0,8????? 0t0?????? 1714 pipeinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 5r???? 0000??????? 0,9??????? 0?????? 6245 anon_inodeinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 6r???? 0000??????? 0,9??????? 0?????? 6245 anon_inodeinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 7u???? unix 0xf5e91f80????? 0t0?????? 8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstartinit????????? 1????????????????? root??? 8w????? REG??????? 8,1???? 3916??????? 394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted) |
這里并沒有結束，系統管理員會很多東西,為你提供漂亮的界面,服務于你的工作。系統管理實際上是學習和實現的一門優雅的藝術。我們會盡力給你介紹 linux 專業人員必須了解的知識以及一些其他必要東西，linux本身是基礎的，簡單的。深入理解是不斷學習的過程。你的美言好詞總是在不斷鼓勵我們寫出更多的優秀，豐富的文章。"喜之以分享，助我來傳播"。
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// 參與翻譯(4人)：MtrS, 袁不語, 趙亮-碧海情天, Lesus
